Bronchiolitis obliterans is sometimes confused in the public mind with bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP), a completely different pulmonary disorder. Bronchiolitis obliterans is a rare and life-threatening form of fixed obstructive lung disease in which the bronchioles are plugged with granulation tissue. It is a common sequela of bone marrow, lung, and heart-lung transplantation, but can also occur as a complication of certain pulmonary infections, adverse drug reaction, toxic inhalation, and autoimmune disorders. Bronchiolitis obliterans may develop in the allograft lung through several means. In the usual proposed sequence the bronchioles of the lung have their submucosa infiltrated by a mononuclear cell population, primarily small round, small cleaved, and occasional large lymphoid cells.
Bronchiectasis can develop at any age; often, the process starts in early childhood. Bronchiectasis is a uncommon disease that affects people’s lungs. Bronchiectasis is common caused from necrotizing bacterial infections, such as infections result by the Staphylococcus or klebsiella species or Bordetella pertussis. Cystic fibrosis result about half of all cases of bronchiectasis. Other causes involve lung infection (tuberculosis, fungal infections, lung abscess, pneumonia), abnormal lung defense mechanisms ,and localized airway obstruction. Cylindrical bronchiectasis is the most familiar type of bronchiectasis. Cylindrical bronchiectasis is typical of a slight widening of the airways and is typically reversible. |